I do not believe any concept in science has ever given rise to as many controversies and controversial debates as evolution has. But even with so many controversies, "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution" (Theodosius Dobzhansky). When we think of evolution, the first name to strike even someone who is not from a biological sciences background would be Charles Darwin. Not a word can be written on evolution without mentioning the name of this pioneering evolutionary biologist. His work On the Origin of Species has been the topic of much discussion ever since it was first published. Of the many concepts that were elaborated in this book (like survival of the fittest) one was Darwin's Principle of Divergence. The other term - Convergent Evolution - is often regarded as the opposite of Divergence. However, convergent evolution was only a play of words that evolutionary biologists came up with to explain one of their many observations; it has got nothing to do with divergence as such. Here is a brief account of convergent evolution vs. divergent evolution. However, for the ease of understanding, I will first explain divergent evolution and then move onto convergent evolution. Divergent Evolution Imagine evolution of life to be a process like the flowing of a river. As it leaves the mountain, it will take its due course and meander about. If a boulder were to obstruct its flow into a crevice, it would take a turn around the crevice. If however a big enough boulder were to stand in between its path, the river would split into two and give rise to two new smaller rivers, each of which would meet its separate fates as it flowed down the mountain. This is exactly what divergent evolution is all about. The boulder represents 'natural selection'. Natural selection is more of an outcome of natural pressure that organisms find themselves subjected to (typically pressure of competition, pressure of meet the mating preferences of the opposite sex, etc.) rather than the actual pressure. It is the result rather than the process. However, the term 'natural selection' is now interchangeably used as cause and effect. So, divergent evolution is the creation of new species through accumulation of many small 'changes' that have originated as a result of the natural selective pressures. Essentially the two new species created will diverge from each other as they further evolve. This is an important statement (as will be evident when we take a look at convergent evolution vs. divergent evolution). Three main triggers of divergent evolution have been identified -

1. To Overcome Competition - Two individuals belonging to the same species pose greater competition for each other than 2 individuals belonging to different species (for the reason that individuals of the same species would all have the same requirements of food, resources, mates etc.) If the competition gets too tough, divergence is the result.
2. Adaptation to Micro-Niches - Not all monkeys in the US live together in one single territory. They are scattered all over. So those in Florida may adapt to a tropical climate while those in, say South Dakota, would adapt to a continental type of climate. This could create two different monkey species.
3. Neutral Evolution - Sometimes the changes that occur at the level of the genes cannot be attributed to a specific trigger, these are called neutral mutations. Evolution also takes place in this way. If the accumulative neutral mutations are significant enough to affect the species, they may give rise to a new species.

One thing to be borne in mind however, is the fact that the 'boulder' has to be 'big enough'. Competition between just two monkeys for one apple on a tree is not enough to create a new species. But if there are two big groups of monkeys, all competing for the apples of a single tree, and if there is also a banana tree nearby, then one of the groups may discover bananas and evolve into a new species of banana-eating monkeys. (This is just a hypothetical example - do not take it literally! Take home the essence!) Convergent Evolution Convergent evolution has nothing to do with divergent evolution. It is a totally different concept. First get this into your head, or you are going to remain in an illusion even by the end of the article! I will explain the concept using the same analogy of the flowing river. Now consider there are two different rivers instead of one. Suppose both encounter a big enough boulder, and both the boulders are similar enough. Consequentially they would both split into two smaller independent rivers. This is exactly what convergent evolution is all about. Both the rivers encountered a 'boulder', hence they were both destined to similar fates - to split. Convergent evolution is when the selective pressure on two unrelated species is same to such an extent that it produces the same adaptations in the two species; i.e. the courses of their evolution converge to a single fate. This may be a little difficult to comprehend, because when we think of evolution, we are usually considering the evolution of one species. Hence we often tend to think that convergent evolution is when two species merge into one. But this is one of the major misconceptions in evolution. One point of consideration here is the fact if the two rivers are on the same mountain or two different mountains - i.e. how related or unrelated are the two species we are talking about. Birds belong to 'aves', while bats are in fact 'mammals'. Yet they have both adapted to fly. Here the two organisms are not related at all. On the other hand, penguins and ostriches are both flightless birds, both of which have evolved to walk on the ground. But in spite of both being birds, they have evolved very differently with respect to other features. However, both can be regarded as instances of convergent evolution. The main point to be borne in mind here is that the 'boulder' has to be 'similar enough'. Using the same example of monkeys, apples and bananas - if you want bears competing for apples to also evolve into banana-eating bears, they should be posed with the same amount of competition as the monkeys; only then will two different species (monkeys and bears) evolve towards the same fate (going bananas!). Difference between Convergent and Divergent Evolution Divergence makes sense only in the light of 'gradualism'. The essence of evolution is that it is slow, gradual. If evolution were to take place in leaps and bounds, there could arise a situation where divergence would in fact lead to convergence! How? Let me explain. Suppose a macro-mutation took place in a species to suddenly give rise to a new species - divergence has occurred. However, this divergence is so drastic, that the two species now have very little in common. This means that they are no more under 'similar' selective pressures. Now we have two new species, each of which will evolve on their own, and under quite different selective pressures. Now is it not possible that by mere chance the two species will independently arrive at the same fate? Confusing? Let's use the above example. Say the group of monkeys competing for apples 'macro-mutated'. So now we have one orange-eating species, and one apple eating species. Now, can it not happen that the orange eating species eventually diverged into banana-eating species, just the way the apple-eating species did? If this were to happen, one of the two species would in fact be driven to extinction. Then what was the whole point of nature investing so much energy in creating a new species in the first place? Hence for 'speciation' (creation of a new species) to sustain, it is essential that evolution be gradual. Gradualism is what ensures that two new species will diverge and not converge. A lot of concepts of evolution that were formulated in the subsequent years were in fact the offshoots of the concepts Darwin elaborated in his book. If not directly related to, they have been deduced from concepts in the book, sometimes only as a word play (like convergent and divergent evolution). If you haven't yet read the book, I would highly recommend you grab yourself a copy of On the Origin of Species. It is amazing to see how much a man can do with only a pair of eyes and a keen, observant and thoughtful mind. With the possibility of sounding redundant, I will still say - such was the genius of Darwin, that "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution".